Title: Weeds implicated in the steady decline of small mammals in Kakadu National Park
[mongabay.com 19 July 2010] -- Kakadu National Park, one of the Australia's "largest and best-resourced" protected areas, is experiencing a staggering decline in its small mammal population, according to a new study published in Wildlife Research. Spanning nearly 2 million hectares—larger than Fiji—the park lies in tropical northern Australia. "This decline is catastrophic," John Woinarski, lead author of the study and expert on Australian mammals, told mongabay.com. "We know of no comparable case in the world of such rapid and severe decline of a large proportion of native species in a large conservation reserve."
Over 13 years of surveying 19 small mammals in Kakadu National Park, Woinarski and his colleagues found a 71 percent decline in total individual animals and a 54 percent decline in the number of species appearing in each study area. In addition, the number of areas where not a single mammal was found jumped from 13 percent in 1996 to over half last year.
One of the studies declining species: the black-footed tree-rat (Mesembriomys gouldii). Photo by: Alaric Fisher.
Ten of the species surveyed showed significant decline with the hardest hit including the northern quoll, (Dasyurus hallucatus), fawn antechinus (Antechinus bellus, northern bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus), common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), and the pale field-rat (Rattus tunneyi).
"A range of factors is contributing to the decline, but we haven't yet been able to explicitly evaluate the relative impacts of each factor," Woinarski says. "We have good evidence that part of the decline is due to current fire regime." According to Woinarski a third to a half of the park is burnt every year. Invasive African grasses have also made fires in the area more intense.
Woinarski points to other invasive species as another problem for the park, and Australia in general: "the introduced cane toad is responsible for almost all of the losses of the native carnivorous marsupial, the northern quoll (due to poisoning of the quoll during its predation attempt on the toad)," he says adding that "we strongly suspect that predation by feral cats is also heavily implicated [in the small mammal decline]. The rate and severity of decline suggests that disease may also be involved, but we have no direct evidence of that."
Woinarski recommends that officials attempt to reduce the frequency of fires. In addition more research is needed to pinpoint exact causes behind the decline.
Biologists need to "clearly establish whether or not feral cats are the major driver of decline," says Woinarski. "This can most clearly be done through experimental trials using large cat enclosure-fencing. But such fencing is relatively expensive circa 1 million Australian dollars."
However, if conservationists and officials don't work rapidly to address the issue, the decline could be a harbinger to extinction.
"Our modeling suggests that extinction is highly likely for some species," says Woinarski with native rodents and medium sized marsupials most at risk.
The researches write in the paper that it is "disconcerting" that "many of the declining species are closely related in ecology or taxonomy to the mammal species that became extinct elsewhere in Australia over the period of ~1860–1960." During that time 22 mammal species vanished in Australia.
CITATION: J.C.Z. Woinarski, M. Armstrong, K. Brennan, A. Fisher, A.D. Griffiths, B. Hill, D. J. Milne, C. Palmer, S. Ward, M. Watson, S. Winderlich and S. Young. Monitoring indicates rapid and severe decline of native small mammals in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Wildlife Research, 2010, 37, 116–126. Doi: 10.1071/WR09125.
